Protein and Bio-medical Engineering

Recombinant protein production & purification, Protein expression and purification, CHI protein and Protein electrophoresis are the topics covered in the protein purification. Protein purification is a series of processes planned to isolate one or a few proteins from a complex mixture, usually cells, tissues or whole organisms. It also involves in the separation of non-protein parts from all the other products.

Protein folding is defined as the physical process of a protein chain.it deals in acquires of native 3-dimensional structure, a conformation that is usually biologically functional, in an expeditious and reproducible manner. In recent years, Researchers are keeping their effort in _­­­­­­the mystery of different mechanisms, driving forces, and processes occurring in protein folding. 

Protein crystallography displays protein structures at the atomic level and helps in understanding the protein function with the help of very high-resolution microscopy. Protein Crystallography has been highly used in industrial processes for designing novel drugs that target a particular protein or an enzyme.

The availability of growth factors and the increasing knowledge base concerning the bone regeneration with modern techniques like recombinant signaling molecules, solid free form fabrication of scaffolds, synthetic cartilage, Electrochemical deposition, spinal fusion & ossification are new generated techniques for tissue-engineering applications. Biomedical Engineering research is the foremost research which includes Nano applications to biomedical sciences and tissue engineering, Nano medicines, Cell interactions with Nano particles, Revolutionary opportunities and future possibility of nanotechnology, Bio-nanotechnology Biomedical Nanotechnology, Tissue Growing Nanostructures, Nano-Mechanisms for Molecular Systems, Nano-Bio-Computing, Biomedical Application of Nanoparticles and Functional Nanomaterials and Devices for Biomedical Engineering.

There are lot of applications used for protein but mostly we are having good research and number of companies and projects for the following applications Protein modification, targeting and degradation, Protein identification & validation, Protein profiling studies in diabetes, Imaging mass spectrometry and profiling of tissue sections, Designer proteins and Protein Dietary Supplements. As a research Protein Engineering market is $56 billion in 2012 to $168 billion in 2017, a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 10.9% from 2012 through 2017. There are almost 3000 people from 60-65 universities in USA working for Genetic and Protein Engineering.

Transcriptome analysis and Gene Expression is the first and the important  topics to be discussed. While going in depth of the subject, it is necessary to understand Transcriptome as Key Players in Gene Expression. For that we must know the basics knowledge of how the central dogma works. This can be achieved by gaining proper knowledge about functioning of mRNA, tRNA and rRNA. Gene expression analysis experimentations can focus on a subset of relevant target genes. The location of gene and relative distances between genes on a chromosome can be determined through Sequence mapping. Even in the lack of the reference genome, transcriptome can be created using de novo transcriptome assembly method. Globally around more number of Universities and institutes are carrying research on gene expression and transcriptome analysis.

Protein Expression contains of the stages after DNA has been transcribed to messenger RNA (mRNA) from the process of Optimizing protein expression, Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic systems, Fusion protein therapeutics ,Cell line & cell culture development& Protein microarray studies. Recombinant production of proteins is one of the most powerful techniques used in the Life Sciences. There are nearly 3000 people from 60-65 universities in USA working for Protein Expression.The Oxford Protein Production Facility-UK (OPPF-UK) is a UK core facility for protein production located in the Research Complex at Harwell. The project has recently received additional funding of £2.3M from MRC to provide a huge  range of highly specialized technologies incorporating robotic systems, for the high through put expression, purification & crystallization of recombinant proteins.

Cancer Genomics is the study of genetic changes in charge of disease, utilizing genome sequencing and bioinformatics. Cancer genomics is to enhance tumour treatment and results lies in figuring out which sets of qualities and quality communications effect diverse subsets of growths. Global Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) is a deliberate exploratory association that gives a discussion to combined effort among the world's driving growth and genomic specialists. The subjects like malignancy hereditary qualities, protein markers, Cancer Functional Genomics and Epigenomics, Bioinformatics & Systems Biology of Cancer and Big Data and Genome Medicine are secured in this taking after track.

Medical devices are the Instruments or other article, whether used alone or in combination used specifically  for diagnostic or  for therapeutic purposes and necessary for its proper application, intended for the purpose of diagnosis, prevention, monitoring, and treatment of various diseases.

Medical imaging envelop different imaging modalities and processes to image the human body for diagnostic and for treatment, therefore it plays an important role to improve public health for all population groups. Also, medical imaging is frequently justified in the foul up of a disease already diagnosed or treated.

Biomedical Engineering is the science of application of engineering principles to the fields of biology and health care of the human. Bioengineers work with professional like doctors, therapists and researchers to implement systems, equipment and devices in order to solve clinical problems which focus on the advances that improve human health and health care at all levels.

Clinical engineering is a specialized  field in which Biomedical engineering  roles and  responsibilities are primary  for applying and implementing medical technology to optimise health care delivery.

Biomechanics is the study of systems and structures of biological organisms from the smallest plants to the largest animals react with external stimuli. In animals, biomechanics often refers to the study of how the skeletal and musculature systems work under different cases. In biomechanics it is repeated that the scientists often try to apply physics and other mathematical based forms of analysis to discover the limits and capabilities of biological systems.

Biomaterials are substances that are used in medical devices or in contact with biological systems. Biomaterials use impression from medicine, biology, chemistry, materials science and engineering.

Cell engineering exploits the principles and methods of engineering to the complication of cell and molecular biology of both a basic and applied nature.

Tissue engineering is a technique which generates living tissue ex vivo for replacement or therapeutic applications through materials development, biochemical controls, cell culture, and genetic engineering. Tissue engineering uses biomaterials and cells to produce new tissues. Stem cells have infused great excitement in the field as a potentially powerful cell source to rebuild tissues.

Bio imaging reveils the complex chain of  acquiring, processing and visualizing structural or functional images of living objects or systems, including extirpation and processing of image-related information.Image processing methods, such as denoising, segmentation, deconvolution and registration methods, feature detection and classification represent an indispensable part of bio imaging, as well as related data analysis and statistical tools are involved in this process.

Rehabilitation engineering is the study that links both clinical and biomechanical application of engineering to handle services, research, and development to determine people with disabilities. Rehabilitation engineering includes the systematic application of technologies, engineering methodologies, or scientific principles to meet the needs of, and address the barriers confronted by, individuals with disabilities in areas that include education, rehabilitation, employment, transportation, independent living, and recreation.

Neural engineering is the application of biomedical engineering principles to the nervous system.

Bioinstrumentation deals with the use of bioelectronics instruments for the recording or transmission of physiological information. Biomedical devices  are the linking  of biology, sensors, interface electronics, microcontrollers, and computer programming, including biology, optics, mechanics, and electronics, chemistry, and computer science. Bioinstrumentation engineers will  design, frame, test, and manufacture the advanced medical instruments and implantable devices into a single, more productive unit.

Synthetic biology is a branch of biology and engineering. The subject combines various disciplines from within these domains, such as biotechnology, genetic engineering, molecular biology, molecular engineering, systems biology, biophysics, electrical engineering, computer engineering, control engineering and evolutionary biology. Synthetic biology applies these disciplines to build artificial biological systems for research, engineering and medical applications.

Metabolic engineering is a powerful methodology aimed at intelligently designing new biological pathways, systems, and ultimately phenotypes through the use of recombinant DNA technology. Built largely on the theoretical and computational analysis of chemical systems, the field has evolved to incorporate a growing number of genome scale experimental tools. This combination of rigorous analysis and quantitative molecular biology methods has endowed metabolic engineering with an effective synergism that crosses traditional disciplinary bounds. As such, there are a growing number of applications for the effective employment of metabolic engineering, ranging from the initial industrial fermentation applications to more recent medical diagnosis applications. In this review we highlight many of the contributions metabolic engineering has provided through its history, as well as give an overview of new tools and applications that promise to have a large impact on the field's future.

Systems biology is the computational and mathematical modeling of complex biological systems. It is a biology-based interdisciplinary field of study that focuses on complex interactions within biological systems, using a holistic approach (holism instead of the more traditional reductionism) to biological research